The Friction Factor K
The torque coefficient $K$ (friction factor) accounts for the friction in the threads and under the bolt head:
- Dry Steel (0.20): Uncoated steel bolts with dry threads. Friction is high, requiring more torque to reach target clamp preload force.
- Lubricated (0.15): Threads coated with motor oil, graphite, or anti-seize. Lubrication lowers friction, meaning a smaller torque value generates the same clamp load. **Warning: Torquing a lubed bolt to dry specs can snap it!**
- Zinc Plated (0.22): Zinc coating increases surface friction slightly, needing higher installation torque values.
Target Preload Tension F
Preload is the tension created in a fastener when tightened. It is designed to be high enough to hold joints together, but safely below the plastic deformation limit of the bolt:
Preload Force = 0.75 × Tensile Stress Area × Grade Proof Strength